Since President Putin assumed office in 2000, human rights activists have charged that civil liberties and democratic development in Russia have been sacrificed to a “managed democracy” under the influence of both active and former officials of the security services.
Putin’s tenure in office has been characterized by the demise of independent national broadcast media, election manipulations and a “spy mania” that has led to espionage charges against several Russian scientists and environment activists. Nevertheless, Putin has rejected parliamentary initiatives that would have further restricted freedom of the press and assembly.